ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Single station estimation of earthquake early warning parameters by using amplitude envelope curve
In this study, new empirical relationships to estimate key parameters in Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system including magnitude, epicentral distance and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) are introduced based on features of the initial portion of P-wave’s amplitude envelope curve.
For this purpose, 226 time series recorded by bore-hole accelerometers of Japanese KiK-net are processed for earthquakes with magnitudes from 3 to 7.2 and epicentral distances of less than 50 km. Hereby, an improved single station method for estimation of epicentral distance and two new methods for estimation of magnitude and amplitude of are proposed based on exponentially envelope curve as in known (B – Δ) method. A scaling relationship of B × Tr – Δ is proposed to estimate epicentral distance which is well correlated for larger earthquakes, with results more robust and reliable than the previous method (B – Δ). Non-dimensional parameter, depends on earthquake magnitude and parameter in the above-mentioned function. By using the features of acceleration envelope curve and peak amplitude of P-waves, scale parameter is proposed that is well correlated with magnitude and has capability of estimating magnitude with standard deviation of less than 0.77 magnitude unit. is proportional to a part of area under envelope curve as a function of magnitude. Moreover, it is indicated that in a single station can be estimated by using envelope curve characteristics of initial P-waves portion.
https://www.ijgeophysics.ir/article_65520_e275477e71ea413e6a000e542db9b887.pdf
2019-05-22
1
10
Earthquake Magnitude
Envelope
B – Δ
Earthquake Early Warning System
Epicentral Distance
Peak Ground Acceleration
پریسا
حسینی
parisa.hosseini.1363@gmail.com
1
گروه ژئوفیزیک، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران،ایران
AUTHOR
رضا
حیدری
r.heidari61@gmail.com
2
گروه ژئوفیزیک، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران،ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
نوربخش
میرزائی
nmirzaii@ut.ac.ir
3
موسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
Allen, R. M., Gasparini, P., Kamigaichi, O., and Böse, M., 2009, The status of earthquake early warning around the world: an introductory Overview: Seismological Research Letters, 80(5), 682-693, doi:10.1785/gssrl.80.5.682.
1
Colombelli, S., Caruso, A., Zolla, A., Festa, G., and Kanamori, H., 2015, A P wave-based on-site method for earthquake early warning: Geophysical Research Letters, 42(5), 1390-1398, doi:10.1002/2014GL063002.
2
Espinosa-Aranda, J. M., Cuellar, A., Garcia, A., Ibarrola, G., Islas, R., Maldonado, S., and Rodriguez, F. H., 2009, Evolution of the Mexican seismic alert system (SASMEX): Seismological Research Letters, 80(5), 694–706. doi:10.1785/gssrl.80.5.694.
3
Espinosa-Aranda, J. M., Jimenez, A., Ibarrola, G., Alcantar, F., Aguilar, A., Inostroza, M., and Maldonado, S., 1995, Mexico City seismic alert system: Seismological Research Letters, 66(6), 42–53, doi:10.1785/gssrl.66.6.42.
4
Heidari, R., 2016, Quick estimation of the magnitude and epicentral distance using the P wave for earthquakes in Iran: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 106(1), 225-231, doi:10.1785/0120150090.
5
Horiuchi, S., Negishi, H., Abe, K., Kamimura, A., and Fujinawa, Y., 2005, An automatic processing system for broadcasting earthquake alarms: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 95(2), 708–718, doi:10.1785/0120030133.
6
Hoshiba, M., Iwakiri, K., Hayashimoto, N., Shimoyama, T., Hirano, K., Yamada, Y., Ishigaki, Y., and Kikuta, H., 2011, Outline of the 2011 off the pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake (Mw 9), earthquake early warning and observed seismic intensity: Earth Planets and Space, 63(7), doi:10.5047/eps.2011.05.031.
7
Kamigaichi, O., 2004, JMA earthquake early warning: Journal of Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering, 4(3), 134–137, doi:10.5610/jaee.4.3_134.
8
Kamigaichi, O., Saito, M., Doi, K., Matsumori, T., Tsukada, S., Takeda, K., Shimoyama, T., Nakamura, K., Kiyomoto, M., and Watanabe, Y., 2009, Earthquake early warning in Japan: Warning the general public and future prospects: Seismological Research Letters, 80(5), 717–726, doi:10.1785/gssrl.80.5.717.
9
Kuyuk, H. S., and Allen, R.M., 2014, Designing a network-based earthquake early warning algorithm for California, Elarm S-2: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 104(1), 162-173, doi:10.1785/0120130146.
10
Kobayashi, M., Takemura, S., and Yoshimoto, K., 2014, Distortion of the apparent P-wave radiation pattern. In abstract of the seismological society of Japan: Fall Meeting, 24-26.
11
Liu, H. L., and Helmberger, D. V., 1985, The 23:19 aftershock of the 15 October 1979 imperial valley earthquake, More evidence for an asperity: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 75, 689-708.
12
Nakamura, Y., 1988, On the urgent earthquake detection and alarm system (UrEDAS), Proceedings of 9th World Conference of Earthquake Engineering, 7, 673–678.
13
Nakamura, Y., 2004, UrEDAS, urgent earthquake detection and alarm system, now and future, Proceedings of 13th World Conference of Earthquake Engineering, August 2004, paper no. 908.
14
Noda, S., Yamamoto, S., and Sato, S., 2012, New method for estimation earthquake parameters for earthquake early warning system, Q. Rep. Railway. Tech. Res. Inst., 53(2), 102-106, doi:10.2219/rtriqr.53.102.
15
Odaka, T., Ashiya, K., Tsukada, S., Sato, S., Ohtake, K., and Nozaka, D., 2003, A new method of quickly estimating epicentral distance and magnitude from a single seismic record: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 93(1), 526–532, doi:10.1875/0120020008.
16
Satriano, C., Elia, L., Martino, C., Lancieri, M., Zollo, A., and Iannaccone, (2010) PRESTO, the earthquake early warning system for Southern Italy: Concepts, capabilities and future perspectives. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 31(2), 137-153, doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.06.008.
17
Tsukada, S., Odaka, T., Ashiya, K., Ohtake, K., and Zozaka, D., 2004, Analysis of the envelope waveform of the initial part of P-waves and its application to quickly estimating the epicentral distance and magnitude: Zisin, 56, 351-361.
18
Wu, Y. M., and Teng, T. L., 2002, A virtual subnetwork approach to earthquake early warning: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92(5), 2008–2018. doi:10.1785/0120010217.
19
Wu, Y. M., and Zhao, L., 2006, Magnitude estimation using the first three seconds P-wave amplitude in earthquake early warning: Geophysical Research Letters, 33, doi:10.1029/2006GL026871.
20
Zollo, A., Lancieri, M., and Nielsen, S., 2006, Earthquake magnitude estimation from peak amplitudes of very early seismic signals on strong motion records: Geophysical Research Letters, 33, doi:10.1029/2006GL027795.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Three-dimensional Magnetotelluric Modeling of data from Northeast of Gorgan Plain
Magnetotelluric measurements have been conducted in the period range of 0.005-128 s along five parallel east-west directed profiles including 85 sites totally in the north-eastern part of Gorgan Plain, Golestan Province, North of Iran; with the aim of exploring iodine. Distortion and dimensionality analysis of data imply the existence of a north-south elongated two-dimensional model with some localized three-dimensional effects, particularly at long periods, that has been mildly affected by non-inductive distortions. Exclusion of a very few data points with large values of distortion angles and rotation based on the selected azimuth of strike was followed by two-dimensional inversion of joint TE- and TM-mode apparent resistivity and phase data. After some resolution tests to ensure the reliability of the detected features, three-dimensional inversion of real and imaginary parts of full impedance tensor data was accomplished. Despite the reduced resolution of magnetotelluric data in a conductive environment, the elimination of part of the data due to hardware constraints and the lack of an ideal data acquisition pattern, the models showed some definite results. The resulted electrical resistivity models from both two- and three-dimensional inversion resolved highly conductive bodies as our exploration targets, which are expected to be saline aquifers containing iodine within the generally conductive sediments.
https://www.ijgeophysics.ir/article_75283_d771ee317a9717deb195a9a6a64240a9.pdf
2019-05-22
11
20
Magnetotellurics
Two- and three-dimensional inversion
Iodine exploration
Electrical conductivity
امید
باقرپور
omid.bagherpur@ut.ac.ir
1
موسسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
بنفشه
حبیبیان دهکردی
banafsheh_habibian@yahoo.com
2
موسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
بهروز
اسکوئی
boskooi@ut.ac.ir
3
موسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
Ailes, C. E., and Rodriguez, B. D., 2015, Magnetotelluric data collected to characterize aquifers in the San Luis Basin, New Mexico: U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014–1248, 9 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141248.
1
Asaue, H., Kubo, T., Yoshinaga, T., and Koike, K., 2012, Application of magnetotelluric (MT) resistivity to imaging of regional three-dimensional geologic structures and groundwater systems: Natural Resources Research, 21(3), 383-393.
2
Caldwell, T. G., Bibby, H. M., and Brown, C., 2004, The magnetotelluric phase tensor: Geophysical Journal International, 158, 457-469.
3
Falgàs, E., Ledo, J., Teixidó, T., Gabàs, A., Ribera, F., Arango, C., Queralt, P., Plata, J. L., Rubio, F., Peña, J. A., Martí A., and Marcuello, A., 2005, Geophysical characterization of a Mediterranean costal aquifer, Baixa Tordera fluvial deltaic aquifer unit: Groundwater Saline Intrusion, 15, 395-404.
4
Groom, R. W., and Bailey, R. C., 1989, Decomposition of magnetotelluric impedance tensor in the presence of local three-dimensional galvanic distortions: Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 1913-1925.
5
Hollingsworth, J., Jackson, J., Walker, R., Gheitanchi, M. R., and Bolourchi, M. J., 2006, Strike-slip faulting, rotation, and along-strike elongation in the Kopeh-Dagh mountains, NE Iran: Geophysical Journal International, 166, 1161-1177.
6
Juanatey, M. G., Hübert, J., Tryggvason, A., and Pedersen, L. B., 2013, Imaging the Kristineberg mining area with two perpendicular magnetotelluric profiles in the Skellefte Ore District, northern Sweden: Geophysical Prosoecting, 61, 200-219.
7
Marti, A., Queralt, P., and Ledo, J., 2009, WALDIM, A code for the dimensionality analysis of magnetotelluric data using the rotational invariants of the magnetotelluric tensor: Computers and Geosciences, 25, 2295–2303.
8
Mejiʹas, M., Garcia-Orellana, J., Plata, J. L., Marina, M., Garcia-Solsona, E., Ballesteros, B., Masque, P., Lopez, J., and Fernandez-Arrojo, C., 2008, Methodology of hydrogeological characterization of deep carbonate aquifers as potential reservoirs of groundwater: Case of study, the Jurassic aquifer of El Maestrazgo (Castellón, Spain): Environmental Geology, 54(3), 521–536.
9
Meliʹi, J. L., Njandjock, P. N., and Gouet, D. H., 2011, Magnetotelluric method for groundwater exploration in crystalline basement complex, Cameron: Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 19, x–y.
10
Oskooi, B., and Mansoori, I., 2015, Iodine-bearing saline aquifer prospecting using magnetotelluric method in Golestan plain, NE Iran: Arabian Journal of Geoscience, 8, 5959–5969.
11
Pedersen, L. B., Bastani, M., and Dynesius, L., 2005, Groundwater exploration using combined controlled-source and radiomagnetotelluric techniques: Geophysics, 70, G8-G15.
12
Siripunvaraporn, W., and Egbert, G., 2000, An efficient data-subspace inversion method for 2-D magnetotelluric data: Geophysics, 65 (3), 791-803.
13
Siripunvaraporn, W., Egbert, G., Lenbury, Y., and Uyeshima, M., 2005, Three-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion: data-space method: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 150, 3–14.
14
Siripunvaraporn, W., Egbert, G., and Uyeshima, M., 2005, Interpretation of two-dimensional magnetotelluric profile data with three-dimensional inversion, synthetic examples: Geophysical Journal International, 160, 804–814.
15
Smirnov, M. Y., 2003, Magnetotelluric data processing with a robust statistical procedure having a high breakdown point: Geophysical Journal International, 152, 1–7.
16
Steuer, A., Helwig, S. L. and Tezkan, B., 2008, Aquifer characterization in the Quarzazate Basin (Morocco),: A contribution by TEM and RMT data: Near Surface Geophysics, x, 5–14.
17
Weaver, J. T., Agarwal, A. K., and Lilley, F. E. M., 2000, Characterization of the magnetotelluric tensor in terms of its invariants: Geophysical Journal International, 141, 321–336.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Estimation of kinematic source parameters and frequency independent shear wave quality factor around Bushehr
In this paper, the shear wave quality factor and source parameters in the near field are estimated by analyzing the acceleration data in Zagros region. Accelerograms recorded by Building and Houses Research Center strong ground motion network have been used. The data have been considered with the magnitude of 4.7 to 6.3 collected from 1999 to 2014. In this approach, the theoretical S-wave displacement spectra conditioned by frequency independent Q was fitted with the observed displacement spectra. The source spectrum of an earthquake can be approximated by the omega-square ω2 model, which has ω2 decay for frequencies higher than the corner frequency. By following the mentioned approach, corner frequency, scalar moment, moment magnitude and frequency independent Q for each accelerogram were computed simultaneously, and the estimated error was given in the root-mean-square sense over the frequency range of interest. In this study, the generalized inversion method is used to estimate various source parameters as listed below. Thereby, it is estimated that the seismic moment range from 2.89E+23 to 1.21E+26 dyne-cm, average fault slip from 22 to 152 cm and average stress drop from 6 to 136 bars. The path average value Q are of the order Q=151-537.
https://www.ijgeophysics.ir/article_82416_3007a2a350401e5acab21b939e2a5f1b.pdf
2019-05-22
21
32
Quality factor
Source Parameters
inversion method
Source spectrum
هدی
محمودی
mahmoodi.h@ut.ac.ir
1
موسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
حبیب
رحیمی
rahimih@ut.ac.ir
2
موسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهرانف تهران، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
بهزاد
ملکی
behzad.maleki@ut.ac.ir
3
موسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
Ambraseys, N. N., 1988, Engineering seismology: part II. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 17(1), 51-105.
1
Ambraseys, N. N., and Melville, C. P., 1982, A History of Persian Earthquakes: Cambridge University Press, London, 219 pp.
2
Beroza, G. C., and Spudich, P., 1988, Linearized inversion for fault rupture behaviour: application to the 1984 Morgan Hill, California, earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 6275–6296.
3
Boore, D. M., 1983, Stochastic simulation of high-frequency ground motions based on seismological models of the radiated spectra: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 73, 1865-1894.
4
Boore, D. M., and Atkinson, G. M., 1987, Stochastic prediction of ground motion and spectral response parameters at hard-rock sites in eastern North America: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 77(2), 440-467.
5
Boore, D. M., and Bommer, J. J., 2005, Processing of strong-motion accelerograms, needs, options and consequences: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 25, 93-115.
6
Brune, J. N., 1970, Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes: Journal of geophysical research, 75, 4997-5009.
7
Brune, J. N., 1971, Correction: Journal of Geophysical Research, 76, 5002.
8
Byrne, D. E., Sykes, L. R., and Davis, D. M., 1992, Great thrust earthquakes and aseismic slip along the plate boundary of the Makran subduction zone: Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 97(B1), 449-478.
9
Fletcher, J. B., 1995, Source parameters and crustal Q for four earthquakes in South Carolina: Seismological Research Letters, 66, 44-61.
10
Hanks, T. C., and Kanamori, H., 1979, A moment magnitude scale: Journal of Geophysical Research., 84, 2348-2350.
11
Hanks, T. C., and McGuire, R. K., 1981, The character of high-frequency strong ground motion: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 71, 2071-2095.
12
Haskell, N. A., 1960, Crustal reflection of plane SH waves: Journal of Geophysical Research, 65, 4147-4150.
13
Hudson, D. E., 1962, Some problems in the application of spectrum techniques to strong-motion earthquake analysis: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 52, 417-430.
14
Jackson, J., and Fitch, T., 1981, Basement faulting and the focal depths of the larger earthquakes in the Zagros Mountains (Iran): Geophysical Journal International, 64, 561-586.
15
Joshi, A., 2006a, Use of acceleration spectra for determining the frequency-dependent attenuation coefficient and source parameters: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 96, 2165-2180.
16
Joshi, A., 2006b, Analysis of strong motion data of the Uttarkashi earthquake of 20th October 1991 and the Chamoli earthquake of 28th March 1999 for determining the mid crustal Q value and source parameters: ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, 43, 11-29.
17
Kinoshita, S., 1994, Frequency-dependent attenuation of shear waves in the crust of the southern Kanto area, Japan: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84(5), 1387-1396.
18
Knopoff, L., 1964, Department of Physics and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics. University of California, Los Angeles: Reviews of Geophysics, 2(4), 625-660.
19
Kumar, D., Sarkar, I., Sriram, V. and Khattri, K. N., 2005, Estimation of the source parameters of the Himalaya earthquake of October 19, 1991, average effective shear wave attenuation parameter and local site effects from accelerograms: Tectonophysics, 407, 1-24.
20
Mahood, M., 2014, Attenuation of high-frequency seismic waves in Eastern Iran: Pure and Applied Geophysics, 171, 2225-2240.
21
Menke, W., 1984, Geophysical Data Analysis: Discrete Inverse Theory Academic, New York.
22
Mitchell, B. J., 1995, Anelastic structure and evolution of the continental crust and upper mantle from seismic surface wave attenuation: Reviews of Geophysics, 33(4), 441-462.
23
Bayrak, Y., and Mohammadi, H., 2015, The Mw 6.3 Shonbeh (Bushehr) mainshock, and its aftershock sequence, Tectonic implications and seismicity triggering: Eastern Anatolian Journal of Science, 1(1), 43-56.
24
Nabavi, M. H., 1976, An introduction to the geology of Iran: Geological Survey of Iran, in Farsi, 110 pp.
25
Nuttli, O. W., 1980, The excitation and attenuation of seismic crustal phases in Iran: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70(2), 469-485.
26
Page, W. D., Alt, J. N., Gluff L. S., and Plafker., G., 1979, Evidence for the recurrence of large magnitude earthquake along the Makran coast of Iran and Pakistan: Tectonophysics, 52, 533-542.
27
Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teukolsky, S. A., and Vetterling, W. T., 1992, Singular value decomposition, §2.6 in numerical recipes in FORTRAN, The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 51-63
28
Rahimi, H., and Hamzehloo, H., 2008, Lapse time and frequency-dependent attenuation of coda waves in the Zagros continental collision zone in Southwestern Iran: Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 5(2), 173.
29
Singh, S. K., Ordaz, M., Dattatrayam, R. S., and Gupta, H. K., 1999, A spectral analysis of the 21 May 1997, Jabalpur, India, earthquake (Mw = 5.8) and estimation of ground motion from future earthquakes in the Indian shield region: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 89(6), 1620-1630.
30
Snyder, D. B., and Barazangi, M., 1986, Deep crustal structure and flexure of the Arabian plate beneath the Zagros collisional mountain belt as inferred from gravity observations: Tectonics, 5(3), 361-373.
31
Tchalenko, J. S., and Berberian, M., 1975, Dasht-e Bayaz fault, Iran, earthquake and earlier related structures in bed rock: Geological Society of America Bulletin, 86(5), 703-709.
32
Zafarani, H., Hassani, B., and Ansari, A., 2012, Estimation of earthquake parameters in the Alborz seismic zone, Iran using generalized inversion method: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 42, 197-218.
33
Zhang W., T. Iwata, K. Irikura, H. Sekiguchi, and M. Bouchon (2003), Heterogeneous distribution of the dynamic source parameters of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(B5), 2232, doi: 10.1029/2002JB001889.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
New Improvement in Interpretation of Gravity Gradient Tensor Data Using Eigenvalues and Invariants: An Application to Blatchford Lake, Northern Canada
Recently, interpretation of causative sources using components of the gravity gradient tensor (GGT) has had a rapid progress. Assuming N as the structural index, components of the gravity vector and gravity gradient tensor have a homogeneity degree of -N and - (N+1), respectively. In this paper, it is shown that the eigenvalues, the first and the second rotational invariants of the GGT (I1 and I2) are homogeneous with the homogeneity degree of - (N+1), -2(N+1) and -3(N+1), respectively. Furthermore, the product of M homogeneous functions with a homogeneity degree of - (N+1) itself is homogeneous with the degree of –M(N+1), and their summation do not change the homogeneity degree. Therefore, the Euler deconvolution of these functions can be used to estimate the location and type of the source, simultaneously. The advantage of using Euler deconvolution of invariants compared to other methods that use invariants is that the only parameters involved in location approximation are invariants and their derivatives. Therefore, it is completely independent of the orientation of the coordinate system as well as having little sensitivity to random noise. In this study, the model is tested on synthetic models with and without noise. Finally, application of the method has been demonstrated on measured gravity gradient tensor data set from the Blatchford Lake area, Southeast of Yellowknife, Northern Canada.
https://www.ijgeophysics.ir/article_85293_fd9d67b237adf398b43a8e2493c27f0a.pdf
2019-05-22
33
49
gravity gradient tensor
Eigenvalues
Rotational invariant
محمد
برازش
barazeshm@ut.ac.ir
1
موسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
Beiki, M., 2010, Analytic signals of gravity gradient tensor and their application to estimate source location: Geophysics, 75(6), I59-I74.
1
Beiki, M., Clark, D. A., Austin, J. R., and Foss, C. A., 2012, Estimating source location using normalized magnetic source strength calculated from magnetic gradient tensor data: Geophysics, 77(6), J23-J37.
2
Beiki, M., Keating, P., and Clark, D. A., 2014, Interpretation of magnetic and gravity gradient tensor data using normalized source strength–A case study from McFaulds Lake, Northern Ontario, Canada: Geophysical prospecting, 62(5), 1180-1192.
3
Beiki, M., and Pedersen, L.B., 2012, Comment on “Depth Estimation of Simple Causative Sources from Gravity Gradient Tensor Invariants and Vertical Component” by B. Oruç in Pure Appl. Geophys, 167 (2010), 1259–1272: Pure and applied geophysics, 169(1-2), 275-277.
4
Birkett, T. C., Richardson, D. G. and Sinclair, W. D., 1994, Gravity modelling of the Blatchford Lake intrusive suite, Northwest Territories: in, WD Sinclair and DG Richardson, eds, Studies of rare metal deposits in the Northwest Territories: Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin, 475, 5-16.
5
Geological Survey of Canada., 2011, Airborne geophysical surveys, gravity gradiometer and magnetic data, Blatchford Lake Area; Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 6955.
6
Clark, D. A., 2012, New methods for interpretation of magnetic vector and gradient tensor data I: eigenvector analysis and the normalised source strength: Exploration Geophysics, 43(4), 267-282.
7
Davidson, A., 1978, The Blachford Lake intrusive suite: an Aphebian plutonic complex in the Slave Province, Northwest territories: Current Research Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 78(1), 119-127.
8
Davidson, A., 1981, Petrochemistry of the Blatchford Lake complex. District of Mackenzie: Geological Survey of Canada Open File, 764.
9
Davidson, A., 1982, Petrochemistry of the Blanchford Lake complex near Yellowknife, Northwest Territories.
10
Hoffman, P., and Kurfurst, D., 1988, Geology and tectonics. East Arm of Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories: Geological Survey of Canada, Map A, 1628, 2.
11
Mikhailov, V., Pajot, G., Diament, M., and Price, A., 2007, Tensor deconvolution: A method to locate equivalent sources from full tensor gravity data: Geophysics, 72(5), I61-I69.
12
Mickus, K. L. and Hinojosa, J. H., 2001, The complete gravity gradient tensor derived from the vertical component of gravity: a Fourier transform technique: Journal of Applied Geophysics, 46(3), 159-174.
13
Nabighian, M. N., 1984, Toward a three-dimensional automatic interpretation of potential field data via generalized Hilbert transforms: Fundamental relations. Geophysics, 49(6), 780-786.
14
Oruç, B., 2010, Depth estimation of simple causative sources from gravity gradient tensor invariants and vertical component: Pure and applied geophysics, 167(10), 1259-1272.
15
Pedersen, L., and Rasmussen, T., 1990, The gradient tensor of potential field anomalies: Some implications on data collection and data processing of maps: Geophysics, 55(12), 1558-1566.
16
Phillips, J. D., Hansen, R. O., and Blakely, R. J., 2007, The use of curvature in potential-field interpretation: Exploration Geophysics, 38, 111–119.
17
Pilkington, M., and Beiki, M., 2013, Mitigating remanent magnetization effects in magnetic data using the normalized source strength: Geophysics, 78(3), J25-J32.
18
Pinckston, D. R., 1989, Mineralogy of the Lake Zone Deposit, Thor Lake, Northwest Territories.
19
Reid, A. B., Allsop, J., Granser, H., Millett, A. T., and Somerton, I., 1990, Magnetic interpretation in three dimensions using Euler deconvolution: Geophysics, 55(1), 80-91.
20
Reid, A. B., Ebbing, J., and Webb, S. J., 2014, Avoidable Euler Errors–the use and abuse of Euler deconvolution applied to potential fields: Geophysical Prospecting, 62(5), 1162-1168.
21
Roest, W. R., Verhoef, J., and Pilkington, M., 1992, Magnetic interpretation using the 3-D analytic signal: Geophysics, 57(1), 116-125.
22
Sanchez, V., Sinex, D., Li, Y., Nabighian, M., Wright, D., and Smith, D. V., 2005, Processing and inversion of magnetic gradient tensor data for UXO applications: Paper presented at the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2005.
23
Trueman, D., Pedersen, J., and Jorre, L., 1984, Geology of the Thor Lake Beryllium Deposits, An Update: Contribution to the Geology of Northwest Territories, 1, 115-120.
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26
Zhou, W., 2016, Depth estimation method based on the ratio of gravity and full tensor gradient invariant: Pure and Applied Geophysics, 173(2), 499-508.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Luminous Phenomena of Earthquakes: Observations and Theories
Over the past few years, different theories (piezoelectric, positive holes, friction-vaporization, exo-electron emission, tribo- or fracture electrification) have been presented for the interpretation of earthquake lights. Although these theories can interpret earthquake luminous, each suffer from particular problems. There are also ambiguities and questions about the location of the light, the number of light created in an earthquake, the relationship between light and lithology and the different light spectrum. In addition, the proposed theories could not interpret all the observed light (co-seismic and pre-seismic luminous), and it seems that more than one theory is needed to justify the lights. The relationship of the EQLs to active tectonic boundaries suggests all the earthquakes in which light has been seen are located on the active tectonic boundaries and the stress for producing lights should be at its maximum. This study shows that a new theory is needed. A theory that can, above all, explain the relation of light (spectrum and intensity) to lithology, the amount of stress, and active tectonic areas.
https://www.ijgeophysics.ir/article_85871_d26385846fcea66085492b485e3538f1.pdf
2019-05-22
50
67
earthquake lights
co-seismic
tectonic boundaries
Lithology
spectrum
مهدی
ترابی
torabi.mehdi@ut.ac.ir
1
موسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
مرتضی
فتاحی
mfattahi@ut.ac.ir
2
موسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
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2
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3
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4
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51
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55
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63
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64
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Seismic Amplification of Peak Ground Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement by Two-Dimensional Hills
There are valuable investigations on the amplification effects of the topography on the seismic response in the frequency domain; however, a question is that how one can estimate the amplification of time domain peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and peak ground displacement (PGD) over the topographic structures. In this study, the numerical approach has been used for the evaluation of time domain peak ground motion parameters amplification on a two-dimensional Gaussian-shaped hill in a typical rocky medium. Five normalized geometries, as well as the twelve normalized vertical incident motions, have been used. Incident motions are SV wave of Ricker type. Time domain responses of displacements, velocities, and accelerations have been calculated and analyzed in selected points of the hills. Tabulated results illustrate a significant role of geometry on the patterns of the amplification, and that almost the top of the hill amplifies and the hill toe de-amplifies the motion. Meanwhile, the rate of the amplification and de-amplification generally depends on the predominant period of the incident motion. Comparison of the amplification of PGA, PGV, and PGD values with the Fourier amplification curves showed that, in general, there is a well-matched correlation between them; however, the time domain amplifications of PGA, PGV, and PGD values have a gentler variation with the predominant period of the motion. It seems that one can give a reliable estimation of time domain amplification of PGA, PGV, and PGD values by using averaged Fourier amplifications over the suitable range of frequencies around the predominant period of the input motion.
https://www.ijgeophysics.ir/article_87194_6e312215d08fd5a7f4796b48eb4c3df4.pdf
2019-05-22
68
81
Topographic effect
Peak ground motion parameters
Amplification
Two-dimensional hills
عبداله
سهرابی بیدار
asohrabi@ut.ac.ir
1
دانشکده زمین شناسی، پردیس علوم، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
مسعود
عامل سخی
amelsakhi@qut.ac.ir
2
گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه صنعتی قم. قم، ایران
AUTHOR
آرش
شارقی
st_a.shareghi@urmia.ac.ir
3
گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
AUTHOR
شهرام
مقامی
shahram.maghami@ut.ac.ir
4
دانشکده زمین شناسی، پردیس علوم، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
Ashford, S. A., Sitar, N., Lysmer, J., and Deng, N., 1997, Topographic effects on the seismic response of steep slopes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 87(3), 701-709.
1
Athanasopoulos, G., Pelekis, P., and Leonidou, E., 1999, Effects of surface topography on seismic ground response in the Egion (Greece) 15 June 1995 earthquak: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 18(2), 135-149.
2
Bard, P. Y., 1982, Diffracted waves and displacement field over two‐dimensional elevated topographies: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 71(3), 731-760.
3
Boore, D. M., 1972, A note on the effect of simple topography on seismic SH waves: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 62(1), 275-284.
4
Boore, D. M., 1973, The effect of simple topography on seismic waves: Implications for the accelerations recorded at Pacoima dam, San Fernando Valley, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 63(5), 1603-1609.
5
Bouchon, M., 1973, Effect of topography on surface motion: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 63(2), 615-632.
6
Bouckovalas, G. D., and Kouretzis, G., 2001, Stiff soil amplification effects in the 7 September 1999 Athens (Greece) earthquake: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 21(8), 671-687.
7
Bouckovalas, G. D., and Papadimitriou, A. G., 2005, Numerical evaluation of slope topography effects on seismic ground motion: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 25(7), 547-558.
8
Building Standard Law of Japan (BSL), 2004, Building Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
9
Celebi, M., 1991, Topographical and geological amplification, case studies and engineering implications: Structural Safety, 10(1), 199-217.
10
Celebi, M., 1987, Topographical and geological amplifications determined from strong-motion and aftershock records of the 3 March 1985 Chile earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 77(4), 1147-1167.
11
ITASCA, 2017, FLAC 3D (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua): Itasca Consulting Group Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
12
Kamalian, M., Gatmiri, B., and Sohrabi-Bidar, A., 2003, On time-domain two-dimensional site response analysis of topographic structures by BEM: Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, 5(2), 35-45.
13
Kamalian, M., Jafari, M., Sohrabi-Bidar, A., Razmkhah, A., and Gatmiri, B., 2006, Time-domain two-dimensional site response analysis of non-homogeneous topographic structures by a hybrid BE/FE method: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26(8), 753-765.
14
Kamalian, M., Sohrabi-Bidar, A., Razmkhah, A., Taghavi, A., and Rahmani, I., 2008, Considerations on seismic micro zonation in areas with two-dimensional hills: Journal of Earth System Science, 117(2), 783-796.
15
Kuhlemeyer, R. L., Lysmer, J., 1973, Finite element method accuracy for wave propagation problems: Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 99 (Tech Rpt.).
16
Sánchez-Sesma, F. J., and Campillo, M., 1991, Diffraction of P, SV, and Rayleigh waves by topographic features: A boundary integral formulation: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 81(6), 2234-2253.
17
Sánchez-Sesma, F. J., and Campillo, M., 1993, Topographic effects for incident P, SV and Rayleigh waves. Tectonophysics, 218(1), 113-125.
18
Sohrabi-Bidar, A., Kamalian, M., and Jafari, M., 2009a, Seismic waves scattering in three-dimensional homogeneous media using time-domain boundary element method: Journal of the Earth and Space Physics.
19
Sohrabi-Bidar, A., Kamalian, M., and Jafari, M., 2009b, Time‐domain BEM for three‐dimensional site response analysis of topographic structures: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 79(12), 1467-1492.
20
Sohrabi-Bidar, A., Kamalian, M., and Jafari, M., 2010, Seismic response of 3‐D Gaussian‐shaped valleys to vertically propagating incident waves: Geophysical Journal International, 183(3), 1429-1442.
21
Solomos, G., Pinto, A., and Dimova, S., 2008, A review of the seismic hazard zonation in national building codes in the context of Eurocode 8, Support to the Implementation, Harmonization and Further Development of the Eurocodes: Italy, JRC European Commission; 3.
22
Spudich, P., Hellweg, M., and Lee, W., 1996, Directional topographic site response at tarzana observed in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: implications for main-shock motions: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86(1B), S193-S208.
23
Trifunac, M. D., and Hudson, D. E., 1971, Analysis of the Pacoima dam accelerogram San-Fernando, California, earthquake of 1971: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 61(5), 1393-1411.
24
Wang, F., Miyajima, M., Dahal, R., Timilsina, M., Li, T., Fujiu, M., Kuwada, Y., and Zhao, Q., 2016, Effects of topographic and geological features on building damage caused by 2015.4. 25 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal, a preliminary investigation report: Geoenvironmental Disasters, 3(1), 1-17.
25
Wong, H., 1982, Effect of surface topography on the diffraction of P, SV, and Rayleigh waves: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 72(4), 1167-1183.
26
Zhang, B., Papageorgiou, A. S., and Tassoulas, J. L., 1998, A hybrid numerical technique, combining the finite-element and boundary-element methods, for modeling the 3D response of 2D scatterers: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 88(4), 1036-1050.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Constrained Seismic Sequence Stratigraphy of Asmari - Kajhdumi interval with well-log Data
Sequence stratigraphy is a key step in interpretation of the seismic reflection data. It was originally developed by seismic specialists, and then the usage of high-resolution well logs and core data was taken into consideration in its implementation. The current paper aims in performing sequence stratigraphy using three-dimensional seismic data, well logs (gamma ray, sonic, porosity, density, water saturation and resistivity) on Hendijan oil field located in the northwest part of Persian Gulf. , Depth interval of the study that covered from Asmari formation to Kajhdumi formation was determined by using well markers. Based on the depositional sequence model that consists of four systems tracts and with the help of Wheeler diagram, observed patterns have been used in seismic reflection terminations to identify sequence boundaries, systems tracts and internal stratigraphic surfaces in the sequences. Additionally, well logs were interpreted for two objectives. Firstly, variation patterns of well logs were used to validate sequences, their components and internal sequence stratigraphic surfaces. Secondly, the well log data was used for characterization of systems tracts with the log values.
This paper addresses the constraints patterns for such stratigraphic problems in seismic interpretation with the aim of achieving better chrono-stratigraphic reasoning system with previous studies in Iran.
https://www.ijgeophysics.ir/article_90589_e930ab1317b9d8423172eb615fad0902.pdf
2019-05-22
82
94
Sequence Stratigraphy
Depositional Sequence
systems tracts
wheeler diagram
and well log
احسان
رضایی فرامانی
ehsan.rezaey@alumni.ut.ac.ir
1
مؤسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
محمد علی
ریاحی
mariahi@ut.ac.ir
2
موسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
حسین
هاشمی
hashemy@ut.ac.ir
3
موسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sam Boggs, Jr., 2006, Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy.
1
Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology and Stratigraphy.
2
Embry, A., 2009, Practical Sequence Stratigraphy.
3
Hunt, D., and Tucker, M., 1992, Stranded parasequences and the forced regressive wedge systems tract: deposition during base-level fall. Sedimentary Geology, 81, 1-9.
4
Allen, F. A., and Allen, J. R., 2013, Basin Analysis: Principles and Application to Petroleum Play Assessment.
5
Vail, P. et al., 1977, Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level. in: Payton, C. (ed.). Seismic stratigraphy: applications to hydrocarbon exploration, AAPG Memoir 26, p. 49-212.
6
Qayyum, F., Catuneanu, O., and de Groot, P., 2015, Historical developments in Wheeler diagrams and future directions. Basin Research, 27(3), 336-350.
7
Qayyum, F., Betzler C., and Catuneanu, O., 2017, The Wheeler diagram, flattening theory, and time. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 86, 1417-1430.
8
De Groot, P., Qayyum, F., and Hemstra, N., 2012, Using 3D Wheeler Diagrams in Seismic Interpretation–The HorizonCube Method, First Break.
9
Stark, T. J., 2005,Generation of a 3D seismic “Wheeler Diagram” from a high resolution Age Volume.
10
Rider, M., 2002, The Geological Interpretation of well logs.
11
Neal, J., Risch, D., and VAIL, P. R., 1993, Sequence Stratigraphy-A Global Theory for Local Success. Oilfield Review. ORS 93/0193, 51-62.
12
Asquith, G.B., Krygowski, D., & Gibson, C.R., 2004, Basic well log analysis (Vol. 16). Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
13
Schlumberger Limited, 1984, Schlumberger log interpretation charts: Schlumberger.
14
Baker-Hughes, 2002, Atlas of Log Responses.
15
Catuneanu, O., 2006 Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy.
16