A closer look at rock physics models and their assisted interpretation in seismic exploration

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی‌

نویسنده

CGG, Bordewijklaan 58, 2591 XR, The Hague, The Netherlands

چکیده

Subsurface rocks and their fluid content along with their architecture affect reflected seismic waves through variations in their travel time, reflection amplitude, and phase within the field of exploration seismology. The combined effects of these factors make subsurface interpretation by using reflection waves very difficult. Therefore, assistance from other subsurface disciplines is needed if we intend to make a more accurate image of the subsurface. In this regard, rock physics acts as an integrated tool to combine subsurface information from different disciplines in a set of relationships between engineering (petrophysical) properties and their relevant geophysical variations, or more specifically, elastic variations. As a matter of fact, rock physics is required for a better understanding of rock properties if we intend to have a full understanding of our reservoir properties and their fluid content. This paper reviews some of the most important rock physics models and their application within the field of seismic exploration. These models are generally valid for the given conditions in which they are derived, and as a result, having a good understanding of their physical and geological limitations can help a lot with accurate rock physics modeling and interpretation. In this regard, this paper is an attempt to create a better understanding of such models, using different references and my personal experiences with these models. The application contexts of the models presented in this paper are not limited to the discussed scenarios. These scenarios are the ones that are commonly used and have shown a good prediction power in practice.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

A closer look at rock physics models and their assisted interpretation in seismic exploration

نویسنده [English]

  • Mohammad Reza Saberi
CGG, Bordewijklaan 58, 2591 XR, The Hague, The Netherlands
چکیده [English]

Subsurface rocks and their fluid content along with their architecture affect reflected seismic waves through variations in their travel time, reflection amplitude, and phase within the field of exploration seismology. The combined effects of these factors make subsurface interpretation by using reflection waves very difficult. Therefore, assistance from other subsurface disciplines is needed if we intend to make a more accurate image of the subsurface. In this regard, rock physics acts as an integrated tool to combine subsurface information from different disciplines in a set of relationships between engineering (petrophysical) properties and their relevant geophysical variations, or more specifically, elastic variations. As a matter of fact, rock physics is required for a better understanding of rock properties if we intend to have a full understanding of our reservoir properties and their fluid content. This paper reviews some of the most important rock physics models and their application within the field of seismic exploration. These models are generally valid for the given conditions in which they are derived, and as a result, having a good understanding of their physical and geological limitations can help a lot with accurate rock physics modeling and interpretation. In this regard, this paper is an attempt to create a better understanding of such models, using different references and my personal experiences with these models. The application contexts of the models presented in this paper are not limited to the discussed scenarios. These scenarios are the ones that are commonly used and have shown a good prediction power in practice.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Rock Physics
  • seismic velocities
  • elastic rock properties
  • rock properties
  • exploration seismology

مراجع

Anselmetti, F. S. and Eberli, G. P., 1999, The velocity deviation log: A tool to predict pore type and permeability trends in carbonate drill holes from sonic and porosity or density logs: American Association of Petroleum Geologist, 83, 450–466.
Avseth, P., Mukerji, T. and Mavko, G., 2005, Quantitative seismic interpretation: Applying Rock Physics Tool to Reduce Interpretation Risk (First Edition): Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Backus, G. E., 1962, Long-wave elastic anisotropy produced by horizontal layering: Journal of Geophysical Research, 67, 4427–4440.
Batzle, M. and Wang, Z., 1992, Seismic properties of pore fluids: Geophysics, 57, 1396–1408.
Brie, A., Pampuri, F., Marsala, A. F., and Meazza, O., 1995, Shear sonic interpretation in gas-bearing sands: SPE 30595, 701–710.
Berryman, J. G., 1980a, Long-wavelength propagation in composite elastic media I. Spherical inclusions: Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 68, 1809–1819.
Berryman, J. G., 1980b, Long-wavelength propagation in composite elastic media II. Ellipsoidal inclusions: Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 68, 1820–1831.
Biot, M. A., 1956, Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid saturated porous solid. I. Low frequency range and II. Higher frequency range: Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 28, 168–191.
Brown, R. and Korringa, J., 1975, On the dependence of the elastic properties of a porous rock on the compressibility of the pore fluid: Geophysics, 40, 608–616.
Castagna, J. P., Batzle, M. L. and Eastwood, R. L., 1985, Relationships between compressional wave and shear wave velocities in clastic silicate rocks: Geophysics, 50, 571–581.
Ciz, R. and Shapiro, S., 2007, Generalization of Gassmann equations for porous media saturated with a solid material: Geophysics, 72, A75–A79.
Deng, J. X., Han, D. and Liu, J., 2006, The effects of geologic parameter variation on the A-B Cross-plot of sand reservoir: Fluid/DHI Annual Meeting.
Digby, P. J., 1981, The effective elastic moduli of porous granular rocks: Journal of Applied Mechanics, 48, 803–808.
Dræge, A., 2006, Impact of Diagenesis on Seismic Properties of Siliciclastic Rocks: Ph. D. dissertation, University of Bergen, Norway.
Dvorkin, J. and Nur, A., 1993, Dynamic poroelasticity: a unified model with the squirt and the Biot mechanisms: Geophysics, 58, 524–533.
Dvorkin, J. and Nur, A., 1996, Elasticity of high-porosity sandstones, Theory for two North Sea data sets: Geophysics, 61, 559–564.
Eberhart-Phillips, D. M., 1989, Investigation of Crustal Structure and Active Tectonic Processes in the Coast Ranges, Central California: Ph. D. dissertation, Stanford University, USA.
Gassmann, F., 1951, Uber die Elastizitat poroser Medien: Vier. der Natur. Gesellschaft Zurich, 96, 1–23.
Greenberg, M. L. and Castagna, J. P., 1992, Shear-wave velocity estimation in porous rocks: Theoretical formulation, preliminary verification and applications: Geophysical Prospecting, 40, 195–209.
Gurevich, B. and Lopatnikov S. L., 1995, Velocity and attenuation of elastic waves in finely layered porous rocks: Geophysical Journal International, 121, 933–947.
Hashin, Z. and Shtrikman, S., 1963, A variational approach to the elastic behavior of multiphase materials: Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 11, 127–140.
Hill, R., 1952, The elastic behavior of crystalline aggregate: Proceeding of Physical Society, 65, 349–354.
Hudson, J. A., 1980, Overall properties of a cracked solid: Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 88, 371–384.
Hossain, Z., Mukerji, T., Dvorkin, J. and Fabricius, I. L., 2011, Rock physics model of glauconitic greensand from the North Sea: Geophysics, 76, E199-E209.
Jakobsen, M., Hudson, J. A., and Johansen, T. A., 2003a, T-matrix approach to shale acoustics: Geophysical Journal International, 154, 533–558.
Jakobsen, M., Johansen, T. A., and McCann, C., 2003b, The acoustic signature of fluid flow in complex porous media: Journal of Applied Geophysics, 54, 219–246.
King, M. S., 2005, Rock-physics developments in seismic exploration: A personal 50-year perspective: Geophysics, 70, 3ND–8ND.
Krief, M., Garat, J., Stellingwerff, J., and Ventre, J., 1990, A petrophysical interpretation using the velocities of P and S waves (full-waveform sonic): Log Analyst, 31, 355–369.
Kuster, G. T., and Toksöz, M. N., 1974, Velocity and attenuation of seismic waves in two phase media: Part I. Theoretical formulations: Geophysics, 39, 587–606.
Marion, D., 1990, Acoustical, Mechanical and Transport Properties of Sediments and Granular Materials: Ph. D. dissertation, Stanford University.
Mavko, G., Mukerji, T. and Dvorkin, J., 1998, The rock physics handbook: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Mindlin, R. D., 1949, Compliance of elastic bodies in contact: Journal of Applied Mechanics, 16, 259–268.
Nishizawa, O., 1982, Seismic velocity anisotropy in a medium containing oriented cracks transversely isotropic case: Journal of Physics of the Earth, 30, 331–347.
Nur, A., Mavko, G., Dvorkin, J. and Gal, D., 1995, Critical porosity: the key to relating physical properties to porosity in rocks: In Proceeding of 65th Annual International Meeting, Society Exploration Geophysicist, 878.
Pride, S. R., Berryman J. G. and Harris J. M., 2004, Seismic attenuation due to wave-induced flow: Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, B01201.
Raymer, L. L., Hunt, E. R., and Gardner, J. S., 1980, An improved sonic transit time-to-porosity transform: Transcript for Society of Professional Well Log Analysts, 21st Annual Logging Symposium, Paper P.
Reuss, A., 1929, Berechnung der Fliessgrenzen vonMischkristallen aufGrund der Plastizita¨tsbedingung fu¨r Einkristalle: Z. Ang. Math. Mech., 9, 49–58.
Richa R., 2010, Preservation of Transport Properties Trends: Computational Rock Physics Approach: Ph. D. dissertation, Stanford University, USA.
Saberi, M. R., 2010: An Integrated Approach for Seismic Characterization of Carbonates, Ph. D. dissertation, University of Bergen, Norway.
Saberi, M. R., 2016, Modeling an elastic stiffness tensor in a transverse isotropic subsurface medium: International application Patent No: WO 2016/083893 A1.
Sams M. S. and Andera M. A., 2001, The effect of clay distribution on the elastic properties of sandstones: Geophysical Prospecting, 49, 128–150.
Sayer, C., 2013, Introduction: Rock Physics for Reservoir Exploration, Characterisation and Monitoring: Geophysical Prospecting, 61, 251–253.
Smith, G. C. and Gidlow, P. M., 1987, Weighted stacking for rock property estimation and detection of gas: Geophysical Prospecting, 35, 993–1014.
Thomas, E. C. and Stieber, S. J., 1975, The distribution of shale in sandstones and its effect upon porosity: In Transcripts of 16th Annual Logging Symposium of the SPWLA, paper T.
Voigt, W., 1890, Bestimmung der Elastizita¨tskonstanten des brasilianischen Turmalines: Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 41, 712–729.
Walton, K., 1987, The effective elastic moduli of a random packing of spheres: Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 35, 213–226.
Wang, Z., 2001, Fundamentals of seismic rock physics: Geophysics, 66, 398–412.
Xu, S. and White, R. E., 1995, A new velocity model for clay-sand mixtures: Geophysical Prospecting, 43, 91–118.
Xu, S. and Payne, M. A., 2009, Modeling elastic properties in carbonate rocks: The Leading Edge, 28, 66–74.

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار