Evaluation of geothermal energy potential of parts of the Middle Be-nue trough Nigeria: aeromagnetic and aeroradiometric approach

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی‌

نویسندگان

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo, Nigeria

2 Department of Applied Geophysics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

3 Professor, Department of Applied Geophysics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

4 Associate Professor, Department of Applied Geophysics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

5 Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Geophysics, Faculty of Physical Sciences Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria

چکیده

Geothermal energy potential investigation over parts of Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria, has been evaluated using aeromagnetic and aeroradiometric datasets. The input data consists of nine aeromagnetic and aeroradiometric sheets, respectively. The aeromagnetic data was
assembled and digitized; this produces a total magnetic intensity anomalous map (TMI). Similarly, the radiometric data were contoured to produce maps for the three radiometric elements of K, Th, and U. The rose diagram showed that the structural trend in the study area is trending NE-SW and the minor ones are trending E-W and NNE-SSW directions. The radiometric heat model reveals areas of high and low geothermal gradient. The results of quantitative interpretation reveal that the depth to anomalous magnetic sources (the
sedimentary infilling) ranges between 0.76 and 4.46 km; while the depth to centroid ranges between 7.29-19.6 km. The Curie point depth (CPD) corresponds to the depth to the bottom of the anomalous magnetic source. The CPD varies from 12.70-37.22 km, the geothermal gradient varies between 15.58-45.670C/km, and the geothermal heat flow varies from 38.9-114.17 mW/m2. The two dimensional structural models show uplifted crust and mantle in some areas due to magmatic intrusions, which gave rise to low CPDs (12 to 28 km), which resulted in high geothermal heat flow values (60 to 115 mW/m2). The geothermal heat flow values around Kwolla, Shendam, Lafia, Akiri, Ibi, and Wukari South fall between 60 and 100 mW/m2, which is the suitable standard for geothermal potentiality.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of geothermal energy potential of parts of the Middle Be-nue trough Nigeria: aeromagnetic and aeroradiometric approach

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ikumbur Emmanuel Bemsen 1
  • Godwin Onwuemesi 2
  • Anakwuba Emmanuel Kenechukwu 3
  • Chinwuko Augustine Ifeanyi 4
  • Usman Ayatu Ojonugwa 5
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo, Nigeria
2 Department of Applied Geophysics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
3 Professor, Department of Applied Geophysics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
4 Associate Professor, Department of Applied Geophysics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
5 Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Geophysics, Faculty of Physical Sciences Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
چکیده [English]

Geothermal energy potential investigation over parts of Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria, has been evaluated using aeromagnetic and aeroradiometric datasets. The input data consists of nine aeromagnetic and aeroradiometric sheets, respectively. The aeromagnetic data was
assembled and digitized; this produces a total magnetic intensity anomalous map (TMI). Similarly, the radiometric data were contoured to produce maps for the three radiometric elements of K, Th, and U. The rose diagram showed that the structural trend in the study area is trending NE-SW and the minor ones are trending E-W and NNE-SSW directions. The radiometric heat model reveals areas of high and low geothermal gradient. The results of quantitative interpretation reveal that the depth to anomalous magnetic sources (the
sedimentary infilling) ranges between 0.76 and 4.46 km; while the depth to centroid ranges between 7.29-19.6 km. The Curie point depth (CPD) corresponds to the depth to the bottom of the anomalous magnetic source. The CPD varies from 12.70-37.22 km, the geothermal gradient varies between 15.58-45.670C/km, and the geothermal heat flow varies from 38.9-114.17 mW/m2. The two dimensional structural models show uplifted crust and mantle in some areas due to magmatic intrusions, which gave rise to low CPDs (12 to 28 km), which resulted in high geothermal heat flow values (60 to 115 mW/m2). The geothermal heat flow values around Kwolla, Shendam, Lafia, Akiri, Ibi, and Wukari South fall between 60 and 100 mW/m2, which is the suitable standard for geothermal potentiality.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Curie depth
  • geothermal energy
  • geothermal heat
  • radiometric heat
  • spectral analysis
Abraham, E. M., Obande, E. G., Chukwu, M., Chukwu, C. G. and Onwe, M. R., 2015, Estimating depth to the bottom of magnetic sources at Wikki Warm Spring region, N.E. Nigeria, using fractal distribution of sources approach, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 24, pp 1-19.
Abraham, E. M. and Nkitnam, E. E., 2017, Review of Geothermal Energy Research in Nigeria: The Geoscience Front, International Journal of Earth Science and Geophysics, vol. 3, No. 15, pp. 1-10.
Anudu, G. K., Stephenson, R. A. and Macdonald, D. I. M., 2014, Using high-resolution aeromagnetic data to recognize and map intra-sedimentary volcanic rocks and geological structures across the Cretaceous Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 99, pp. 625-636.
Bansal, A. R., Anand, S. P., Rajaram, M., Rao, V. K., Dimri, V. P., 2013, Depth to the bottom of magnetic sources (DBMS) from aeromagnetic data of Central India using modified centroid method for fractal distribution of sources, Tectonophysics, vol. 603, pp 155-161.
Beamish, D. and Busby, J., 2016, The Corrubian geothermal province: Heat production and flow in South-Western England: estimates from boreholes and airborne gamma-ray measurements, Geothermal Energy, vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 1-25.
Bello, R., Ofoha, C. C. and Wehiuzo, N., 2017, Geothermal Gradient, Curie Point Depth and Heat Flow Determination of some Pats of Lower Benue Trough and Anambra Basin, Nigeria, using High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Data, Physical Science International Journal, vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 1-11.
Benkhelil, I., 1989, The origin and evolution of the Cretaceous Benue Trough, Nigeria, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 8, pp. 251-282.
Bhattacharyya, B. K. and Leu, L. K., 1975, Analysis of magnetic anomaly over Yellowstone National Park: Mapping of Curie point isothermal surface for geothermal reconnaissance, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 8, pp.4461-4465.
Biswas, A., Parija, M. P., Kumar, S., 2017, Global nonlinear optimization for the interpretation of source parameters from total gradient of gravity and magnetic anomalies caused by thin dyke. Annals of Geophysics, 60 (2), G0218, pp 1-17
Blakely, R. J., 1988, Curie temperature isotherm analysis and tectonic implications of aeromagnetic data from Nevada, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 93, pp. 11817-11832.
Burke, K. C., Dessauvagie, T. F. J., Whiteman, A. J., 1972, Geological history of the Benue valley and adjacent areas. In: Dessauvagie, T.F.J, Whiteman, A.J. (Eds), African Geology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, pp. 181-185.
Burke, K. C. and Whiteman, A. J., 1973, Uplift, rifting and the break-up of Africa. In: Tarling, D.H., Runcorn, S.K. (Eds), Implications on Continental Drift to Earth Sciences, pp. 735-755.
Cratchley, C. R. and Jones, G. P., 1965, An interpretation of geology and gravity anomalies of the Benue Valley, Nigeria, Overseas Geological Survey, London, Geophysics, Paper No. 1.
Davis, J. C., 1972, Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology, John Wiley and Sons, New Delhi, India, 638p.
Ikechukwu, I. O., Agbidi, D. C. and Olusola, O. B., 2015, Exploration and Application of geothermal energy in Nigeria, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 726-732.
Kasidi, S. and Nur, A., 2013, Estimation of Curie point depth, Heat flow and Geothermal gradient inferred from aeromagnetic data over Jalingo and Environs, -Eastern Nigeria, International Journal of Science and Emerging Technologies, vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 294-301.
Likkason, O. K., 1993, Application of trend surface analysis of gravity data over the Middle Niger Basin, Nigeria, Journal of Mining and Geology, vol.6 No. 2, pp.11-19.
NGSA, 2009, Nigerian Geological Survey of Agency: Geology of the Benue Trough. .
Nwankwo, L. I. and Shehu, A. T., 2015, Evaluation of Curie-point depths, geothermal gradients and near–surface heat flow from high-resolution aeromagnetic (HRAM) data of the entire Sokoto Basin, Nigeria, Journal of Volcanology, Geothermal Research, vol. 305, pp. 45-55.
Nwankwo, L. I. and Abayomi, J. S., 2017, Regional estimation of Curie-point depths and succeeding geothermal parameters from recently acquired high-resolution aeromagnetic data of the entire Bida Basin, North-Central Nigeria, Geothermal Energy Science, vol. 5, pp. 1-9.
Obaje, N. G., Wehner, H., Hamza, H. and Scheeder, G., 2004, New Geothermal data from the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin: Implications on hydrocarbon Prospectivity, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 38, No.5, pp. 477- 487.
Obaje, N. G., 2009, Geology and Mineral Resources of Nigeria, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
Ochieng, L., 2013, Overview of geothermal surface exploration methods, presented at short course VIII on exploration for geothermal resources, organised UNU-GTP, GDC and Ken-Gen, at lake Naivasha, Kenya, October 31st - November 22nd, 2013.
Offodile, M. E., 1976, The geology of Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria, Special volume of Paleontological Institute, University of Uppsala, vol. 4, pp. 1-66.
Offodile, M. E., 1980, A mineral survey of the cretaceous of the Benue Valley, Nigeria, Cretaceous Resource, vol.1, pp.101-124.
Offodile, M. E., 1989, A Review of the geology of the Cretaceous of the Benue Valley. In: Kogbe, C.A. (Ed), Geology of Nigeria (Second Revised Edition), Rock View Nigeria Limited, Jos, 538p.
Okubo, Y., Graff, R. G., Hansen, R. O., Ogawa, K. and Tsu, H., 1985, Curie point depths of the Island of Kyushu and Surrounding areas, Geophysics, vol. 53, pp. 481- 494.
Ojonugwa, A.U, Ezeh, C.C, Chinwuko, I.A 2018, Integration of Aeromagnetic Interpretation and Induced Polarization Methods in Delineating Mineral Deposits and Basement Configuration within Southern Bida Basin, North-West Nigeria. J Geol Geophys 7: 449.
Ross, H. E., Blakely, R. J. and Zoback, M. D., 2006, Testing the use of aeromagnetic data for the determination of Curie depth in California, Geophysics, vol. 71, pp. 51-59.
Salako, K. A., Adetona, A. A., Rafiu, A. A., Alahassan, U. D., Aliyu, A. and Adewumi, T., 2020, Assessment of Geothermal Potential of Parts of Middle Benue Trough, North-East Nigeria. Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, Vol. 45, No. 4, Winter 2020, P. 27-42
Salem, A. and Fairhead, D., 2011, Geothermal reconnaissance of Gebel Dui area, Northern Red Sea, Egypt, using airborne magnetic and spectral gamma ray data, Getech, pp. 1-22.
Sedara, S. O. and Joshua, E. O., 2013, Evaluation of the Existing State of Geothermal Exploration and Development in Nigeria, Journal of Advances Physics, vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 118-123.
Stampolidis, A., Kane, I., Tsokas, G. N. and Tsourlos, P., 2005, Curie point depths of Albania inferred from ground total field magnetic data, Surveys in Geophysics, vol. 26, pp. 461-480.
Tanaka, A. Y., Okubo, Y. and Matsubayashi, O., 1999, Curie point depth based on spectrum analysis of the magnetic anomaly data in East and Southeast Asia, Tectonophysics, vol. 396, pp. 461-470.
Telford, W. M., Geldart, I. P. and Sheriff, R. E., 1990, Applied Geophysics, Second Edition, Springer, Berlin, 770p.
Yamano, M., 1995, Recent heat flow studies in and around Japan, In: Gupta, M.I. and Yamano, M. (eds), Terrestrial Heat Flow and Geothermal Energy in Asia, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 171-200.